Prescription monitoring system

ABSTRACT

A monitoring system includes a weight sensor for receiving a vial containing a controlled substance possessed by a patient. A processor receives a weight measured by the weight sensor. A communication circuit transmits the weight measured by the weight sensor to a remote server. The weight sensor may be mounted in a container having a first compartment and a second compartment. The first compartment has a first lid that is releasable without any lock. A second compartment has a second lid that is secured by a lock. The weight sensor is mounted inside the second compartment.

BACKGROUND

Medication non-adherence by patients leads to ineffective treatments,unnecessary suffering, worsening disease processes, and possibly death.Non-adherence is a highly prevalent problem; approximately 50%-60% ofpatients do not take their prescribed medications as directed whichcontributes significantly to healthcare costs per year forhospitalizations alone. Medication adherence is both criticallyimportant and particularly challenging in the case of opioid analgesicswhere misuse can lead to opiate addiction, overdoses, and death, posingrisks not only to the individual, but also the community.

Opioids are frequently used in chronic pain management and can be theonly agents capable of providing relief. Due to the high prevalence ofchronic pain and the cultural shift to address uncontrolled pain thatbegan in the early 1990s the consumption of prescription opioids in theUS has grown dramatically.

Aberrant drug-related behaviors associated with prescription opioidsinclude drug abuse (intentional self-administration of a medication fora nonmedical purpose), addiction, and diversion (intentional transfer ofa controlled substance from legitimate distribution and dispensingchannels). These behaviors not only harm the affected individual, butalso come at a high societal cost.

These behaviors and their consequences can be mitigated by closelymonitoring medication adherence and by rapid interventions whennon-adherence is detected. Early implementation of adherence testing foropioids has been shown to improve patient outcomes and to reducehealthcare costs. However, the inherently high potential for abuse andaddiction of opioid medication makes medication management a formidabletask, as patients actively attempt to conceal their nonadherence, whichexcludes self-report measures such as patient-kept diaries andinterviews. Traditionally employed periodic pill counts that assesspatient compliance by comparing the number of pills in a vial at arandom time to the number of pills that should remain in the vial havebeen shown to be circumvented by patient manipulation including “pillrentals” from illegal sources that satisfy periodic pill counts for afee. Furthermore, in case of medications such as opioids, a monthlyevaluation of adherence is not sufficiently frequent, as it allows forextended periods of misuse.

SUMMARY

A monitoring system includes a weight sensor for receiving a vialcontaining a controlled substance possessed by a patient. A processorreceives a weight measured by the weight sensor. A communication circuittransmits the weight measured by the weight sensor to a remote server.

The weight sensor may be mounted in a container having a firstcompartment and a second compartment. The first compartment has a firstlid that is releasable without any lock. A second compartment has asecond lid that is secured by a lock. The weight sensor is mountedinside the second compartment.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a front perspective view of a container according to oneembodiment.

FIG. 2 is a rear perspective view of the container of FIG. 1.

FIG. 3 is a front view of the container of FIG. 1.

FIG. 4 is a side view of the container of FIG. 1.

FIG. 5 is a front perspective view of the container of FIG. 1 with theupper lid open.

FIG. 6 is a bottom perspective view of the inner cover of the containerof FIG. 5.

FIG. 7 shows the base portion of the container of FIG. 1 with the upperlid and inner cover removed.

FIG. 8 shows base portion of FIG. 7, with a vial stored in one of thebays.

FIG. 9 is a top view of the base portion and vial of FIG. 8.

FIG. 10 is a section view of the container of FIG. 1 with the vial.

FIG. 11 is a perspective view of the lower base portion of FIG. 7.

FIG. 12 is a rear perspective view of the lower base portion of FIG. 11,without the cradle.

FIG. 13 is a schematic of a monitoring system including a plurality ofthe containers.

FIG. 14A is a first portion of a commissioning screen.

FIG. 14B is a second portion of a commissioning screen.

FIG. 15 is an operational flowchart of the monitoring system.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

A prescription monitoring system or drug monitoring system includes alockable container 10 shown in FIG. 1. The container 10 includes a lowerbase portion 12 and an upper lid 14. The upper lid 14 includes an uppercompartment 16. The upper lid 14 further includes a handle portion 18which mates with a handle portion 20 of the lower base portion 12 toform a handle for the container 10.

A handle opening 22 through the upper lid 14 is formed between thehandle portion 18 and the upper compartment 16. A pair of latches 24secures the upper lid 14 in the closed position. The latches 24 can beselectively released to open the upper lid 14 without a key. A pair ofindicators 26 are visible through openings in the upper lid 14.

The lower base portion 12 includes an opening for a lock 28 operated viaa key. The lower base portion 12 also includes an opening for a powersupply jack 30.

FIG. 2 is a rear perspective view of the container 10. The lower baseportion 12 includes a pair of integrally molded hinge receivers 32.Likewise the upper lid 14 includes a pair of integrally molded hingereceivers 34 positioned adjacent the hinge receivers 32 of the lowerbase portion 12. Further, a pair of notches 38 are formed in the rear ofthe upper lid 14 for receiving hinge receivers 36 of an inner cover(described below). Hinge pins 40 pivotably connect the hinge receivers32, 34, 36. Alternatively, other complementary hinge members or hingecomponents other than hinge receivers 32, 34, 36 could hingeably connectto one another.

FIG. 3 is a front view of the container 10. FIG. 4 is a side view of thecontainer 10.

FIG. 5 is a perspective view of the container 10 with the upper lidpivoted to the open position. The inner cover 42 (or inner lid) coversthe base and is secured to the base by the lock 28. A pair of recesses44 are formed in an upper surface of the inner cover 42. Clips 46adjacent the recesses 44 removably secure packages 48, which may containemergency supplies, such as naloxone.

Latch members 50 on the inner cover 42 selectively secure the innercover 42 to the latches 24 (FIG. 1) of the upper lid 14. The upper lid14 can always be unlatched without a key, to provide access to thepackages 48 of the emergency supplies.

A mobile computing device 52, such as a tablet, is secured within theupper compartment 16 of the upper lid 14 and is secured to the upper lid14 by brackets 54 and/or clips. As is known, the mobile computing device52 includes a processor, electronic storage, communication circuitry,such as Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, and cell circuitry. The mobile computingdevice 52 also includes a GPS receiver, touch screen display,microphone, and speaker. The mobile computing device 52 includes abattery that is rechargeable via the power supply jack 30.

The inner cover 42 includes an elliptical wall 60 projecting downward tofurther define the handle of the container 10.

FIG. 6 is a bottom perspective view of the inner cover 42. The innercover 42 includes an upper panel portion 56 and peripheral wall 58projecting downward from the upper panel portion 56. The hinge receivers36 are integrally molded with the peripheral wall 58 at a rear portionof the inner cover 42. A latch member 62 projects downward from theinner cover 42 between the peripheral wall 58 and the elliptical wall60. The latch member 62 is selectively securable to the lower baseportion 12 by the lock 28 (FIG. 1).

In FIG. 7, the upper lid 14 and inner cover 42 have been removed to showan upper base portion 64 secured to the lower base portion 12. The upperbase portion 64 includes a lower compartment having a plurality of bays66 defined therein (in this example there are four bays 66, althoughmore or fewer could be provided). Each bay 66 includes an opening 68 atthe bottom thereof. A weight sensor 70 is secured to the lower baseportion 12 within each opening 68 in each bay 66. A cradle 72 is securedto each weight sensor 70 over each opening 68 within each bay 66. InFIG. 7, only one cradle 72 is shown, while the others are removed forillustration.

The upper base portion 64 includes an upper wall 74 having a peripheralwall 76 extending downward from a periphery of the upper wall 74 andmating with the lower base portion 12. An elliptical handle wall 78projects downward from the upper wall 74 of the upper base portion 64 tofurther define the handle. An opening 80 is formed through the upperwall 74 forward of the handle portion to receive the latch member 62 ofthe inner cover 42 (FIG. 6). The indicators 26 (such as LEDs) aresecured within apertures in the upper wall 74 of the upper base portion64. In the example shown, the indicators are labeled “pill count” and“urine test” on the upper wall 74 of the upper base portion 64. A“website” button 79 can let the user or technician provide variousacknowledgments to the system, such as acknowledging that the user hasseen one of the indicators 26 activated (it can be deactivated in themeantime after the user acknowledges it).

FIG. 8 shows the lower base portion 12 and upper base portion 64 of FIG.7, with a vial 200 stored in one of the bays 66. The vial 200 in thisexample includes a generally cylindrical wall 202 and a removable lid204. Identical vials 200 could be received in the other bays 66. FIG. 9is a top view of the upper base portion 64 and vial 200 of FIG. 8.

FIG. 10 is a section view of the container 10 and vial 200. As shown,the vial 200 is supported on the cradle 72, which in turn is supportedon the weight sensor 70. All of the weight of the vial 200, any contentstherein, and cradle 72 are supported on the weight sensor 70. The weightsensor 70 reports its weight measurements to the mobile computing device52 either wirelessly or through wires (not shown). The inner cover 42 issecured over the upper base portion 64. The inner cover 42 is secured tothe lower base portion 12 at a rearward end by the hinge receiver 36. InFIG. 10, the emergency supplies 48 are not shown, although the recess 44in the inner cover 42 can be seen. The mobile computing device 52 isstored in the upper compartment 16 of the upper lid 14.

FIG. 11 is a perspective view of the lower base portion 12. Again, aplurality of weight sensors 70 are secured to the lower base portion 12.A cradle 72 is secured to each weight sensor 70 (although only onecradle 72 shown). A locking latch 86 is secured to the lower baseportion 12 for latching to the latch member 62 of the inner cover 42(FIG. 6) and releasable via a key in the lock 28. The lower base portion12 includes an elliptical handle wall 84 further defining the handleopening. The lower base portion 12 further includes a lower wall 81 anda peripheral wall 82 extending upward of a periphery of the lower baseportion 12. The hinge receivers 32 are integrally molded with theperipheral wall 82. FIG. 12 is a rear perspective view of the lower baseportion 12 of FIG. 11, without the cradle 72.

FIG. 13 is a schematic of a monitoring system 8 including a plurality ofthe containers 10. As explained above, each container 10 includes themobile computing device 52 in communication with the plurality of weightsensors 70, the latch 86, and the indicators 26. The mobile computingdevice 52 is capable of releasing the latch 86 and is notified when thelatch 86 is manually unlocked and the lid 14 is opened. The mobilecomputing device 52 can activate and deactivate the indicators 26. Themobile computing device 52 receives the measurement signals from theweight sensors 70 and input from the website button 79 (FIG. 7).

The mobile computing device 52 may be a tablet or smartphone, which asis known includes a processor 90, electronic storage 92, communicationcircuitry such as Wi-Fi 100, Bluetooth 102, and cell circuitry 98. Themobile computing device 52 also includes a GPS receiver 96, touch screendisplay 104, microphone 106, and speaker 94. The mobile computing device52 includes a battery 108 that is rechargeable via the power supply jack30. The processor 90 is programmed (via an app stored in electronicstorage 92) to perform the functions described herein.

The mobile computing device 52 communicates wirelessly (via cellcircuitry 98, Wi-Fi 100, and/or Bluetooth 102 or the like) over theInternet or other network with a monitoring server 120 (which could beone or more virtual and/or physical servers). The monitoring server 120is suitably programmed to perform the functions described herein. Themonitoring server 120 is also in communication with a doctor computer122, a pharmacy computer 124, and a lab computer 124, via a network,such as the Internet, or any appropriate entity capable of communicatingvia any of the above methods.

In general operation, a patient is issued the container 10 with one ormore vials 200 each containing a prescription, such as a controlledsubstance, such as an opioid or other prescribed medication. Thecontainer 10 (more specifically, the mobile computing device 52)monitors the opening and closing of the inner cover 42 (by monitoringlatch 86) to initiate a measurement of the weight of each vial 200 usingthe weight sensors 52. The measured weights of the vials 200 are sent bythe mobile computing device 52 via the cell circuitry 96, Wi-Fi 100,Bluetooth 102, or the like. Every time a vial 200 is removed, thatweight sensor 70 is recalibrated (rezeroed) while that vial 200 isabsent. When the vial 200 is replaced on the cradle 72, the weight ofthe vial 200 (and any contents) is measured again after the inner cover42 is closed and the new weight measurement is then transmitted by themobile computing device 52. The measurements from all of the weightsensors 70 may be sent (e.g. via SMS) every time the inner cover 42 isclosed. Alternatively, only the new weight for the vial 200 that wasremoved and replaced will be sent. The container 10 may also send itsGPS location (from GPS receiver 96).

A doctor can prescribe a controlled substance (such as an opioid orother prescribed medication) and the container 10 for the patient touse. The prescription may include a number of random urine tests torequire and/or a number of pill counts to require. The prescriptionindicates the number of pills the patient should take daily as well as amax number of pills that can be taken daily without triggering an alarm.The doctor can monitor the patient's use of the container 10, theconsumption of prescribed medications, and the patient's compliance withany urine tests or pill counts that have been required on the doctor'scomputer 122, such as via a web browser accessing the monitoring server120.

A commissioning screen 220 is shown in FIGS. 14A and 14B. Thiscommissioning screen 220 would appear on a computer at a pharmacy wherethe prescription(s) to be placed in the vial(s) 200 is filled. Thecommissioning screen 200 may appear on a web browser or a dedicatedapplication, for use by a technician for purposes of sending informationto the monitoring server 120. A box ID field 222 is used to enter anidentifier for the particular container 10 to be commissioned. A phonenumber is entered in the device phone field 224, such as the phonenumber associated with the cell circuitry 98. A doctor/contact infofield 226 can be used to enter information regarding how to contact thepatient's doctor. A text alert number field 228 can be entered forautomated alerts to be sent based upon information from the container10. The commissioning screen 220 further includes a commission datefield 230 and technician field 232 to indicate when and who iscommissioning the container 10.

The technician enters the initial number of pills placed in each vial200 at the pharmacy in the fill count fields 240. The technician alsoenters values in each max daily pill use 242 field, each associated withone of the vials 200.

The technician can also fills an SMS ID empty bottles field 244 and anSMS ID loaded bottles field 246.

The technician first indicates to the monitoring server 120 via computer124 that the container 10 is being commissioned. The technician inputsinformation obtained via a physician's prescription into the monitoringserver 120 via computer 124, identifying the action that is to be takenif the amount of pills removed exceeds the weight threshold. Thetechnician then places the empty vials 200 on the weight sensors 70 andpushes the website button 79. The weights of the empty vials 200 aretransmitted to the monitoring server 120. The technician then places thefilled vials 200 on the weight sensors 70 and pushes the website button79 again. This causes the weights of the filled vials 200 to betransmitted to the monitoring server 120. When the technician closes theinner cover 42, commissioning mode is ended.

With the empty vial weights, the filled vial weights, and the number ofpills in each vial 200, the monitoring server 120 calculates the weightof each pill. The monitoring server 120 also calculates the maximumweight change that can occur within 24 hours for each vial 200, basedalso upon the max daily pill use fields 242.

A data portion 248 of the commissioning screen 200 shows a sample ofdata received from the container 10. Each data transmission receivedfrom the mobile computing device 52 in the container 10 (e.g. each SMSmessage) includes an SMS ID 250, which may simply identify each datatransmission sequentially. Each data transmission may further includethe phone number 254 of the transmitting mobile computing device 52(associated with a particular container 10). Each data transmissionfurther includes a weight measurement 252 from each weight sensor 70(FIG. 13) and the date 256 (and time) of the data transmission. Thisdata is received by the monitoring server 120 and may be displayed tothe technician on the commissioning screen 220 as shown.

The container 10 with filled vials 200 is given to the patient.Normally, the mobile computing device 52 is in a semi-powered statewaiting for the inner cover 42 to be opened (as detected via latch 86).The mobile computing device 52 also monitors external power (via powersupply jack 30) and may send an alert message if external power is notconnected for a certain amount of time.

To open the inner cover 42 and access the prescriptions in the vials200, the patient must use a key to unlock the lock 28. When the innercover 42 is opened, all commissioned weight sensors 70 are monitored bythe mobile computing device 52 for weight change. When it is detectedthat the vial 200 is removed, that weight sensor 70 is re-zeroed. Whenthe vial 200 is returned to the weight sensor 70, the new weight ismeasured by weight sensor 70 and transmitted to the monitoring server120.

The monitoring server 120 receives the weight measurements andcalculates how many of the pills in each vial 200 are being removed eachday. If the amount of pills removed exceeds the threshold associatedwith that vial 200, then an alert can be sent to the doctor and/orpharmacist and/or the number in the text alert number field 228. Thedoctor and/or pharmacist may respond by requiring a pill count and/orurine test or in the alternative there will be an automated responsegenerated for a weight threshold violation or for a random alert notice.

At all times, anyone can open the upper lid 14 and retrieve theemergency supplies, such as naloxone, and administer them to thepatient.

At all times, the mobile computing device 52 can receive a message (e.g.SMS) from the patient, the monitoring server 120, or the doctor'scomputer 122 indicating to the mobile computing device 52 to unlock thelock 28, so that the inner cover 42 can be opened. The mobile computingdevice 52 can also receive a message (e.g. SMS) instructing the mobilecomputing device 52 to illuminate either the pill count indicator 26 orthe urine test indicator 26. After being illuminated, either indicator26 will turn back off five minutes after the inner cover 42 is opened.When the patient sees the pill count indicator 26 illuminated, then thepatient must bring the container 10 to the pharmacy (or doctor or lab)within a certain period of time (e.g. 24 hrs). When the patient sees theurine test indicator 26 illuminated, then the patient must obtain aurine test within a certain period of time (e.g. 24 hrs) at the lab. Thelab technician can indicate compliance/noncompliance, and the results ofthe urine test on the lab computer 126, such as via a web browseraccessing the monitoring server 120 and/or direct communications back tothe doctor.

FIG. 15 is an operational flowchart of the monitoring system 8.

Notably, the mobile computing device 52 is generally transmittingweights and time/day (and optionally GPS location). The thresholds,calculations, data, determinations, and alerts are all on the monitoringserver 120.

The components of the container 10 housing, i.e. the lower base portion12, the upper base portion 64, the inner cover 42 and the upper lid 14are all preferably formed of a suitable molded plastic; however, othermaterials (such as metal) could also be used for one or more of thesecomponents.

The container 10 has been described with the mobile computing device 52providing all of the intelligence and communication circuitry.Alternatively, cell circuitry and a battery can be provided to simplecontrol circuitry in the container 10 to provide the functions describedabove, including sending text messages with the weight measurements,receiving signals to turn on one or more indicators 26, unlocking thelock in response to a text message, sending a text message based uponthe container 10 being unlocked by the user, etc. The control circuitrymay include a processor with electronic storage.

In accordance with the provisions of the patent statutes andjurisprudence, exemplary configurations described above are consideredto represent a preferred embodiment of the invention. However, it shouldbe noted that the invention can be practiced otherwise than asspecifically illustrated and described without departing from its spiritor scope.

What is claimed is:
 1. A monitoring system comprising: a weight sensorfor receiving a vial containing a controlled substance possessed by apatient; a processor receiving a weight measured by the weight sensor; acommunication circuit capable of transmitting the weight measured by theweight sensor to a remote server.
 2. The monitoring system of claim 1further including the remote server, wherein the remote server isprogrammed to commission the weight sensor, the vial, and the controlledsubstance by receiving a maximum use per time period of the controlledsubstance from a pharmacy.
 3. The monitoring system of claim 2 whereinthe remote server is further programmed to receive an initial number ofpills of the controlled substance in the vial.
 4. The monitoring systemof claim 3 wherein the maximum user per time period is a maximum numberof pills per time period.
 5. The monitoring system of claim 3 whereinthe remote server is further programmed to receive an empty weight ofthe vial from the pharmacy when commissioning the weight sensor, thevial, and the controlled substance.
 6. The monitoring system of claim 3wherein the remote server is programmed to calculate an average weightof each of the plurality of pills of the controlled substance in thevial.
 7. The monitoring system of claim 1 wherein the processor isprogrammed to transmit the weight measured by the weight sensor to theremote server based upon the vial being removed from the weight sensorand being replaced onto the weight sensor.
 8. The monitoring system ofclaim 1 further including a container containing the weight sensor andthe vial, wherein the container including a lid enclosing the vial,wherein the container includes a processor programmed to cause theweight sensor to weigh the vial and the processor to transmit the weightof the vial to the remote server based upon the lid being closed.
 9. Acontainer comprising: a first compartment, wherein the first compartmenthas a first lid that is releasable without any lock; and a secondcompartment, wherein the second compartment has a second lid that issecured by a lock.
 10. The container of claim 9 wherein the secondcompartment includes a weight sensor configured to receive a vialthereon.
 11. The container of claim 9 wherein the second compartmentincludes a plurality of weight sensors, each configured to receive avial thereon.
 12. The container of claim 9 further including a base,wherein the second compartment is defined between the second lid and thebase, and wherein the first compartment is defined between the first lidand the second lid.
 13. The container of claim 12 wherein the baseincludes a bay defined therein, the container further including a weightsensor in the bay, the weight sensor configured to receive a vialthereon.
 14. The container of claim 13 further including a processor anda communication circuit, wherein the processor is programmed to transmita weight determined by the weight sensor of the vial received thereon toa remote server.
 15. The container of claim 13 wherein the processor isprogrammed to transmit the weight of the vial to the remote server basedupon the second lid being closed.
 16. The container of claim 9 whereinthe first compartment contains naloxone and wherein the secondcompartment contains an opioid.
 17. A method for monitoring a drug inthe possession of a patient including the steps of: a) weighing the drugin the possession of the patient; b) reporting the weight to a remoteserver; c) at the remote server, comparing the reported weight to apreviously reported weight; and d) based upon said step c), determiningwhether to generate an alert.